人类乳突病毒疫苗（英语：HPV vaccine，又被称为HPV疫苗）适用于预防几种特定亚型的人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染^[1]，防止因高危人乳头瘤病毒的持续感染导致宫颈癌等疾病发生^[2]。目前市面上有可抵御二种、四种或九种HPV病毒亚型的疫苗^[1][3]。所有的疫苗均可抵御致子宫颈癌风险最高的亚型，即HPV16亚型与HPV18亚型的病毒感染^[1]。据估计，人类乳突病毒疫苗可防止70%的子宫颈癌、80%的肛门癌、60%的阴道癌、40%的外阴肿瘤，以及一些口咽癌的发生^[4][5][6]。可抵御HPV4亚型与HPV9亚型的疫苗可增加预防尖锐湿疣的机率^[1]。

世界卫生组织建议应将HPV疫苗纳入国家免疫计划，HPV疫苗接种的策略应首先考虑提高9至14岁女孩的覆盖率，在未成年女性中获得较高的疫苗接种覆盖率（80%以上）对减少宫颈癌具有最显著的影响^[7]。HPV疫苗至少可以提供八年左右的保护，但即便在接种疫苗后，子宫颈筛检仍应持续^[1]。大规模接种疫苗对于没有接种疫苗者也能有一定的好处^[8]。但对已经感染的人，则没有帮助^[1]。其在2017年流行病纪录周报中提出，子宫颈癌病毒疫苗非常安全，80%的疫苗接种者在注射部位会感到疼痛，也有可能发生红肿与发烧，但疫苗与吉巴氏综合症目前没有关联^[9]。2022年4月，世卫组织免疫战略专家组表示，HPV疫苗的单剂量方案与两剂或三剂方案的疗效相当^[10]。

2006年，首个HPV疫苗问市。2015年人类乳突状病毒疫苗被列入世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单中^[11]。截至2021年，全球已有100余个国家将HPV疫苗纳入国家免疫计划^[12]。研究指出，对于发展中国家，HPV疫苗接种可能具有成本效益，甚至可能节省成本，特别是在没有组织宫颈筛查计划的环境中^[13]。同时，HPV疫苗不仅适用于女性，也可用于防止因HPV引发的男性生殖器疣与肛门癌^[14]、阴茎癌^[14]和喉癌^[14][15]。2012年7月，澳大利亚宣布将为男童免费接种四价HPV疫苗，成为世界首个为男性免费接种HPV疫苗的国家^[14]，该免疫计划于2013年2月正式落地^[16]。

参考文献：

1. Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper, October 2014. (PDF). Weekly epidemiological record. 2014-10-24, 43 (89): 465-492 [2016-08-05]. PMID 25346960. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-10-19）.
2. 张师前、王凯、张远丽. HPV疫苗在中国的应用现状. 中国实用妇科与产科杂志. 2019 [2022-04-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-14）.
3. Kash, N; Lee, MA; Kollipara, R; Downing, C; Guidry, J; Tyring, SK. Safety and Efficacy Data on Vaccines and Immunization to Human Papillomavirus.. Journal of clinical medicine. 2015-04-03, 4 (4): 614–33. PMID 26239350.
4. De Vuyst, H; Clifford, GM; Nascimento, MC; Madeleine, MM; Franceschi, S. Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis.. International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer. 2009-04-01, 124 (7): 1626–36. PMID 19115209.
5. Takes, RP; Wierzbicka, M; D'Souza, G; Jackowska, J; Silver, CE; Rodrigo, JP; Dikkers, FG; Olsen, KD; Rinaldo, A; Brakenhoff, RH; Ferlito, A. HPV vaccination to prevent oropharyngeal carcinoma: What can be learned from anogenital vaccination programs?. Oral oncology. December 2015, 51 (12): 1057–60. PMID 26520047.
6. Thaxton, L; Waxman, AG. Cervical cancer prevention: immunization and screening 2015.. The Medical clinics of North America. May 2015, 99 (3): 469–77. PMID 25841595.
7. 世界卫生组织. 世卫组织：HPV疫苗是预防宫颈癌最有效的工具. 世界卫生组织官方百家号. 2019-06-29 [2022-04-14] （中文）.
8. Saville, AM. Cervical cancer prevention in Australia: Planning for the future.. Cancer cytopathology. 2015-11-30. PMID 26619381.
9. World Health Organization. The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series. Module 19: Human papillomavirus infection (PDF). WHO the Immunological Basis for Immunization Series. May 2011 [2018-01-20]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-09-08）.
10. One-dose Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine offers solid protection against cervical cancer. 世界卫生组织. 2022-04-11 [2022-04-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-16） （英语）.
11. 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015) (PDF). WHO. April 2015 [2015-05-10]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-05-13）.
12. 卫生福利部国民健康署. 110 年度人類乳突病毒(HPV)疫苗接種服務工作手冊 (PDF). 卫生福利部国民健康署. 2021 [2022-04-14]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-06-18） （中文）.
13. Michaela Fesenfeld、Raymond Hutubessy、Mark Jit. Cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination in low and middle income countries: a systematic review. Vaccine. 2013-08-20, 31 (37): 3786–804 [2022-04-14]. PMID 23830973. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.060. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.
14. David Brill. Australia launches national scheme to vaccinate boys against HPV. BMJ. 2013 [2022-04-14]. doi:10.1136/bmj.f924. （原始内容存档于2022-04-14）.
15. 国家药品监督管理局. 知识 | 有关HPV疫苗的科普问答. 中国政府网. 2019-07-17 [2022-04-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-14） （中文）.
16. 新华网. 澳大利亚将为男学童免费注射人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗. 中国新闻网. 2013-02-16 [2022-04-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-14） （中文）.

The human papillomavirus vaccine (English: HPV vaccine), also known as the HPV vaccine, is used to prevent infection with several specific subtypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) [1] and to reduce diseases such as cervical cancer caused by persistent infection with high-risk HPV types [2]. Currently available vaccines can protect against two, four, or nine HPV subtypes [1][3]. All approved vaccines protect against HPV types 16 and 18, which carry the highest risk for cervical cancer [1]. It is estimated that HPV vaccines can prevent approximately 70% of cervical cancers, 80% of anal cancers, 60% of vaginal cancers, 40% of vulvar cancers, as well as some oropharyngeal cancers [4][5][6]. Vaccines covering four or nine HPV subtypes can also increase protection against genital warts [1].

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends including the HPV vaccine in national immunization programs. Vaccination strategies should prioritize achieving high coverage among girls aged 9–14. Achieving high vaccination coverage (over 80%) among adolescent girls has the most significant impact on reducing cervical cancer incidence [7]. The HPV vaccine can provide protection for at least around eight years; however, cervical cancer screening should still continue even after vaccination [1]. Large-scale vaccination programs can also provide indirect benefits to unvaccinated individuals through herd immunity [8]. However, the vaccine does not treat existing HPV infections [1]. According to the WHOWeekly Epidemiological Recording 2017, HPV vaccines are very safe: about 80% of recipients experience pain at the injection site, and redness or fever may occur, but there is currently no evidence linking the vaccine to Guillain–Barré syndrome [9]. In April 2022, the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization stated that a single-dose HPV vaccination schedule provides effectiveness comparable to two- or three-dose schedules [10].

The first HPV vaccine was introduced in 2006. In 2015, the HPV vaccine was included in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines [11]. By 2021, more than 100 countries worldwide had incorporated the HPV vaccine into their national immunization programs [12]. Studies indicate that HPV vaccination can be cost-effective, and even cost-saving, in developing countries, particularly in settings without organized cervical cancer screening programs [13]. In addition to women, the HPV vaccine is also beneficial for men, as it helps prevent HPV-related conditions such as genital warts and anal cancer [14], penile cancer [14], and throat (laryngeal) cancer [14][15]. In July 2012, Australia announced that it would provide free quadrivalent HPV vaccination for boys, becoming the first country in the world to offer free HPV vaccination to males [14]. This immunization program was officially implemented in February 2013 [16].

一般建议 11 或 12 岁的青少年接种 HPV 疫苗，以 确保他们在接触病毒之前得到保护。HPV 疫苗可 以从 9 岁开始接种，并建议 26 岁以下的每个人都 接种该疫苗。 根据患者和医务人员之间的讨论，HPV 疫苗可供 27 至 45 岁的成人接种。 大多数在 15 岁前接受第一剂的儿童需要接种 2 剂 HPV 疫苗。在 15 岁或之后接受第一剂的人和 患有免疫功能低下的疾病的年轻人需要 3 剂。您 的医务人员可向您提供更多信息。 HPV 疫苗可以和其他疫苗一起接种。

It is generally recommended that adolescents receive the HPV vaccine at 11 or 12 years of age to ensure they are protected before potential exposure to the virus. The HPV vaccine can be given starting at age 9, and it is recommended for everyone up to age 26 who has not yet been vaccinated.

Based on shared decision-making between patients and healthcare providers, the HPV vaccine may also be given to adults aged 27 to 45.

Most children who receive their first dose before age 15 need two doses of the HPV vaccine. Those who receive their first dose at age 15 or older, as well as young people with immunocompromising conditions, need three doses. Your healthcare provider can offer more detailed guidance.

The HPV vaccine can be administered at the same time as other vaccines.

不建议孕妇或患有中重度疾病的人接种 HPV 疫苗。如果您有任何重度过敏症，包括对酵母或乳胶过敏，请告知医生。此外，如果您对疫苗的任何成分或之前的一剂疫苗发生过危及生命的过敏反应，则不应接种疫苗。

HPV vaccination is not recommended for pregnant women or for individuals who are moderately or severely ill at the time of vaccination. If you have any severe allergies, including allergies to yeast or latex, you should inform your healthcare provider.

In addition, people who have experienced a life-threatening allergic reaction to any component of the HPV vaccine or to a previous dose of the vaccine should not receive the HPV vaccine.

多项研究表明，HPV 疫苗具有安全性。总体而言，副作用很小。HPV 疫苗最常见的副作用是注射部位酸痛、肿胀或发红。有时，注射后会头晕或昏厥。注射后静坐 15 分钟可降低昏厥风险。另外还可能出现头痛、恶心、呕吐、疲劳或虚弱。

Multiple studies have shown that the HPV vaccine is safe, and overall side effects are generally mild. The most common side effects include pain, swelling, or redness at the injection site. Some people may experience dizziness or fainting after vaccination; sitting quietly for 15 minutes after the injection can help reduce this risk. Other possible side effects include headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, or weakness.

1. 了解本地疫苗接种政策：首先，了解所在地区的HPV疫苗接种政策，包括年龄限制、接种费用、疫苗种类等。
2. 寻找接种地点：查找附近的医疗机构、诊所或药店，了解它们是否提供HPV疫苗接种服务。有些地区还可能在学校或社区中心提供接种服务。
3. 联系接种地点：通过电话或在线预约系统联系所选的接种地点，询问预约流程、所需文件和疫苗供应情况。
4. 准备所需文件：在预约前，请确保准备好所有所需的文件，如身份证明、疫苗接种记录、保险卡等。
5. 预约接种：根据接种地点提供的指引完成预约。请确保记住您的预约日期和时间，并在接种当天准时前往。
6. 接种前咨询：在接种前，向医护人员了解HPV疫苗的相关信息，如疫苗的种类、副作用、接种剂次等。如果您有任何疑虑或健康问题，请在接种前咨询医生。
7. 按计划接种：HPV疫苗通常需要接种2-3剂，以获得最佳保护效果。请确保按照医生建议的时间间隔接种完整疫苗剂次。
8. 记录接种信息：在接种后，请记录接种日期、疫苗种类和剂次。这将有助于您在将来追踪您的疫苗接种记录。

最后，如果您有任何关于HPV疫苗接种的疑虑或问题，请咨询专业医生或相关卫生部门。

Understand local vaccination policies

First, learn about HPV vaccination policies in your area, including age eligibility, cost, and available vaccine types.

Find vaccination sites

Look for nearby hospitals, clinics, or pharmacies that provide HPV vaccination. In some areas, vaccinations may also be offered at schools or community health centers.

Contact the vaccination provider

Call or use the provider’s online booking system to ask about the appointment process, required documents, and vaccine availability.

Prepare required documents

Make sure you have the necessary documents ready, such as identification, vaccination records, and insurance cards (if applicable).

Schedule the appointment

Complete the appointment booking following the provider’s instructions. Remember the date and time and arrive on time.

Pre-vaccination consultation

Before vaccination, consult healthcare professionals about vaccine type, number of doses, and possible side effects. If you have health concerns, discuss them in advance.

Complete the full vaccination schedule

The HPV vaccine usually requires 2 or 3 doses for optimal protection. Follow the recommended schedule.

Keep vaccination records

After vaccination, record the date, vaccine type, and dose number for future reference.

If you have any concerns or questions, consult a medical professional or local health authority.

目前在我国内地上市的HPV疫苗有三种，分别为：二价、四价和九价。其中二价、九价适合的接种年龄均为9-45周岁。此前，九价HPV疫苗获批的接种年龄为16岁至26岁的女性。2022年8月30日，九价HPV疫苗获得我国国家药品监督管理局批准，适用人群从16—26岁女性扩大为9—45岁女性，意味着我国9-45岁适龄女性可按需自愿接种九价、四价、二价HPV疫苗。

Currently, three types of HPV vaccines are available in mainland China: bivalent, quadrivalent, and 9-valent.Bivalent and 9-valent vaccines are approved for individuals aged 9–45 years.

Previously, the 9-valent HPV vaccine was approved only for women aged 16–26.

On August 30, 2022, China’s National Medical Products Administration expanded the approved age range of the 9-valent vaccine to women aged 9–45.

This means that women aged 9–45 in China can voluntarily receive bivalent, quadrivalent, or 9-valent HPV vaccines, depending on their needs.

在我国，女性感染HPV有两个高峰，一个在青年期，也就是20岁左右的时候有比较明显的高峰，结婚生育以后出现低谷，到了大概40岁以上围绝经期的时候另一个高峰就开始出现了，这是我国女性HPV暴露的双峰特点，也造成我国宫颈癌防治的难点。发达国家女性感染HPV的高峰则出现在20岁前后，随后便一直下降到5%左右的较低值。

高危型HPV持续感染与宫颈癌发病有直接相关性，近些年，宫颈癌在我国出现年轻化且发病率持续上升的态势，这基本上是由于HPV病毒暴露的时间提前以及暴露频率增加导致的。

In China, HPV infection among women shows a bimodal (double-peak) pattern:

The first peak occurs in young adulthood, around 20 years old.

Infection rates decline after marriage and childbirth.

A second peak appears among women aged 40 and above, particularly during the perimenopausal period.

This double-peak pattern makes cervical cancer prevention more challenging in China.

In contrast, in developed countries, HPV infection rates peak around age 20 and then decline steadily to a low level of about 5%.

Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types is directly associated with cervical cancer. In recent years, cervical cancer in China has shown a trend toward younger onset and increasing incidence, largely due to earlier exposure to HPV and increased frequency of exposure.

HPV疫苗在中国整整比西方发达国家晚了10年，发达国家在2006年便开始使用HPV疫苗，而中国是从2017年才开始，所以普及率还是较低，预估大约在3-5%左右。而最需要免疫的15岁以下人群接种比例更低，甚至不到1%，青少年接种率低的主要原因在于HPV疫苗还未纳入国家免费的计划免疫。

实际上，根据国家常规免疫报表数据也曾揭示，2018-2020年，各地报告HPV疫苗接种数分别为341.7万、675.3万、1227.9万剂次，尽管疫苗接种数量逐年上升，但人群总体接种率依然处于较低水平。

HPV vaccination in China began about 10 years later than in many developed countries. While countries like the United States and Australia introduced the vaccine in 2006, China started in 2017, resulting in a relatively low overall coverage rate.

The estimated overall HPV vaccination rate in China is only 3–5%.

Among the most critical group—girls under 15 years old—the vaccination rate is below 1%.

A key reason for low adolescent vaccination rates is that HPV vaccines are not yet included in China’s national free immunization program.

According to national routine immunization reports:

2018: 3.417 million doses administered

2019: 6.753 million doses administered

2020: 12.279 million doses administered

Although the number of administered doses has increased each year, the overall population coverage remains low.

二价宫颈癌疫苗是科学家们本着“首恶必办”的宗旨，针对HPV16和HPV18研发的“利器”，HPV16和HPV18在所有引发宫颈癌的HPV亚型中占了70%以上的份额，因此，针对它们就等于打蛇打在七寸的位置上，可以给宫颈癌以致命一击。换言之，接种了二价宫颈癌疫苗，女性同胞们今后患上宫颈癌的风险可大大减少。

四价宫颈癌疫苗是在HPV16 和 HPV18二价苗的基础上，增加了HPV6和HPV11二种HPV低危型亚型。为什么要增加低危型的HPV亚型？低危型的HPV也会引起生殖道肛周皮肤和阴道下部的外生性湿疣类病变、扁平湿疣类病变和低度子宫颈上皮内瘤样变，同样也对人体健康造成损害。也就是说，四价宫颈癌疫苗可预防更多的HPV感染，不但可减少宫颈癌的风险，还可以预防男女性常见的性病皮肤病，预防作用更加广泛。

九价宫颈癌疫苗，更是在四价苗的基础上又增加了属于高风险组的31、33、45、52和58五种HPV亚型。

对于宫颈癌的预防而言，二价疫苗是“雪中送炭”，而增加了抗HPV 6和HPV11的四价疫苗是“锦上添花”，九价疫苗则是“更上层楼”。

Bivalent HPV Vaccine (2-valent)

The bivalent cervical cancer vaccine was developed with a “target the main culprit” strategy, focusing specifically on HPV types 16 and 18. These two subtypes account for more than 70% of all HPV-related cervical cancer cases. Targeting them is therefore like “striking at the snake’s vital point,” delivering a decisive blow against cervical cancer. In other words, receiving the bivalent HPV vaccine can significantly reduce a woman’s risk of developing cervical cancer in the future.

Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine (4-valent)

The quadrivalent HPV vaccine builds upon the protection offered by the bivalent vaccine (HPV 16 and 18) by adding protection against HPV types 6 and 11, which are considered low-risk subtypes.

Why include low-risk HPV types? Although they do not usually cause cancer, low-risk HPV types can lead to external genital and perianal warts, flat warts, and low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, all of which can negatively affect health. Therefore, the quadrivalent vaccine prevents a broader range of HPV infections, reducing not only the risk of cervical cancer but also protecting against common sexually transmitted skin diseases in both men and women.

9-valent HPV Vaccine (9-valent)

The 9-valent HPV vaccine further expands protection by adding five additional high-risk HPV subtypes—31, 33, 45, 52, and 58—on top of the four covered by the quadrivalent vaccine.

In terms of cervical cancer prevention:

- The bivalent vaccine is like “providing help in times of need,”

- The quadrivalent vaccine is “adding icing on the cake,”

- And the 9-valent vaccine represents “taking protection to an even higher level.”

一般认为全程接种完成后无需再次接种了，至少到现在为止，科学界持这样的观点，至于若干年以后是否有变化，还需更多的真实世界的研究数据。

Current scientific consensus suggests that once the full vaccination course is completed, booster doses are not required, at least based on existing evidence. Whether this recommendation will change in the future depends on long-term real-world data, which are still being collected.

在我国，女性感染HPV有两个高峰，一个在青年期，也就是20岁左右的时候有比较明显的高峰，结婚生育以后出现低谷，到了大概40岁以上围绝经期的时候另一个高峰就开始出现了，这是我国女性HPV暴露的双峰特点，也造成我国宫颈癌防治的难点。发达国家女性感染HPV的高峰则出现在20岁前后，随后便一直下降到5%左右的较低值。

高危型HPV持续感染与宫颈癌发病有直接相关性，近些年，宫颈癌在我国出现年轻化且发病率持续上升的态势，这基本上是由于HPV病毒暴露的时间提前以及暴露频率增加导致的。

In China, HPV infection among women shows a double-peak pattern:

- The first peak occurs in young adulthood, around 20 years old.

- Infection rates decline after marriage and childbirth.

- A second peak appears in women aged 40 and above, particularly during the perimenopausal period.

This bimodal exposure pattern makes cervical cancer prevention especially challenging in China. In contrast, in developed countries, HPV infection typically peaks around age 20 and then steadily declines to a low level of approximately 5%.

Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types is directly linked to cervical cancer development. In recent years, cervical cancer in China has shown a trend toward younger onset and increasing incidence, largely due to earlier exposure to HPV and increased frequency of exposure.

从宫颈癌三级防控而言，接种宫颈癌疫苗属于一级防控，筛查属于二级防控，对宫颈癌的诊治属于三级防控。无论接种二价疫苗、四价疫苗还是九价疫苗，接种疫苗后仍然需要定期筛查。现有疫苗，包括九价疫苗并不能预防所有的高危型HPV。而且，可能还有一小部分高危型HPV目前没有得到鉴定，当然更没有针对性疫苗。

From the perspective of three-tier cervical cancer prevention:

- HPV vaccination is primary prevention,

- Cervical screening is secondary prevention,

- Diagnosis and treatment constitute tertiary prevention.

Regardless of whether one receives the bivalent, quadrivalent, or 9-valent HPV vaccine, regular cervical cancer screening is still necessary. Existing vaccines—including the 9-valent vaccine—do not protect against all high-risk HPV types, and some high-risk types may not yet have been identified, let alone targeted by vaccines.

长痘与接种九价HPV疫苗之间并没有直接的证据。年轻女性打完疫苗开始长痘，更多可能是与自身发育状态有关。

与其他疫苗类似，接种HPV疫苗可以引起接种部位局部反应或全身反应等不良事件，常见不良反应包括疲乏、肌痛、头痛、发热（≧37°C）；注射部位反应疼痛、发红、肿胀；关节痛、胃肠道症状（包括恶心、呕吐、腹泻和腹痛）、荨麻疹和皮疹。以上大部分不良反应程度为轻至中度，且短期内可自行缓解。

A widely circulated claim on social media suggests that receiving the 9-valent HPV vaccine can cause severe acne or facial skin problems. There is currently no direct scientific evidence supporting a causal link between HPV vaccination and acne. In young women, acne developing after vaccination is more likely related to normal hormonal and developmental changes, rather than the vaccine itself.

Like other vaccines, HPV vaccination may cause local or systemic adverse reactions. Common side effects include:

- Fatigue, muscle pain, headache, fever (≥37°C)

- Injection-site reactions such as pain, redness, or swelling

- Joint pain, gastrointestinal symptoms (including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain)

- Urticaria (hives) and skin rash

Most of these adverse reactions are mild to moderate in severity and resolve spontaneously within a short period of time.